Workability illustration

Brent Riechelman

2024-09-10

Source: vignettes/obic_workability.Rmd

OBI-workability

Let consider some fields with the following properties

B_LU_BRP field A_CLAY_MI A_SILT_MI B_SOILTYPE_AGR B_GWL_GLG B_GWL_GHG B_GWL_ZCRIT crop_name
233 1 15.6 16.7 zeeklei 173 21 400 tarwe, winter-
256 2 22.6 36.6 zeeklei 144 70 400 bieten, suiker-
265 3 2.9 8.6 dekzand 115 49 400 grasland, blijvend
265 4 3.1 10.6 veen 65 9 400 grasland, blijvend

We have two arable fields on marine clay with wheat and sugar beets as well as two grassland fields, one on sand and one on peat. Note that GLG is a measure for the average of the three lowest water levels in a period of eight years and GHG is the average of the three highest water levels over a period of eight years. It is assumed that the water level on our fields shifts from GHG on February 15th to GLG on August 15th and back following a sinusoidal curve. With this knowledge one can easily see that field 4 is much wetter than the other fields, both in winter as in summer. When comparing fields 1 and 2, we see that field 1 is drier in summer but more wet in winter. Lets plot the relative season length and indicator score for workability of these fields.

Regime curve of groundwater level throughout the year. The blue line is at the GHG on day 46, the red line is at GLG on day 227

Regime curve of groundwater level throughout the year. The blue line is at the GHG on day 46, the red line is at GLG on day 227

Both among the grassland and the arable fields, we find a poorly performing and a reasonable performing field. If you look closely, you can see that field 1 scores much lower than field 4, despite having a higher relative growing season. This is because there is a more lenient evaluation of relative growing seasons specifically for permanent grassland.

The relative season length, and in extension, the indicator score, are a function of the soil and hydrological properties of the field as well as the growing season and soil working depth requirements of the crop. By choosing a crop with a shorter growing season and or more shallow soil working depth, the score can be improved. Lets see how these parcels perform when we cultivate peas.

It worked! Or at least it did for the arable fields, the fields that used to have grass perform much worse now. So what happend? For the arable fields, the required number of days decreased.
landuse req_days_pre_glg req_days_post_glg total_days
suikerbieten 155 75 230
wintertarwe 165 10 175
erwten, bonen 135 0 135
beweid bemaaid gras 180 75 255

However, the required season for grassland is also much longer than that of peas, why do the grassland fields perform worse with peas? Because unlike permanent grassland, peas require working the soil at the beginning of the growing season, increasing the required depth of water in the soil. The required water level depth is determined by the soiltype and soil particle fractions with the following code. Here ‘gws_sub_workingdepth’ is the groundwater level beneath working depth and spring depth is the working depth in spring. For perennial crops, like permanent grassland, the spring working depth is overwritten and set to 0.

## merge with OBIC crop and soil table
  
  # load other tables
  crops.obic <- OBIC::crops.obic
  season.obic <- OBIC::season.obic
  
  # merge tables
  dt <- merge(dt, crops.obic[, list(crop_code, crop_waterstress, crop_season)], 
              by.x = "B_LU_BRP", by.y = "crop_code")
  dt <- merge(dt, soils.obic[, list(soiltype, soiltype.m)], by.x = "B_SOILTYPE_AGR", by.y = "soiltype")
  dt <- merge(dt, season.obic, by.x = c('crop_season','soiltype.m'), by.y = c('landuse', 'soiltype.m'))
  
## determine workability key numbers

    # new parameters to be added
    cols <- c('gws_sub_workingdepth','spring_depth')
    
  # sandy soils with variable silt content
    dt[soiltype.m == 'zand' & A_SILT_MI < 10, c(cols) := list(45,35)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'zand' & A_SILT_MI >= 10 & A_SILT_MI < 20, c(cols) := list(55,30)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'zand' & A_SILT_MI >= 20, c(cols) := list(60,30)]
      
    # loess and peat soils
    dt[soiltype.m == 'loess',c(cols) := list(65,12)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'veen',c(cols) := list(55,22)]
    
    # clay soils
    dt[soiltype.m == 'klei' & A_CLAY_MI < 12, c(cols) := list(85,12)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'klei' & A_CLAY_MI >= 12 & A_CLAY_MI < 17, c(cols) := list(85,12)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'klei' & A_CLAY_MI >= 17 & A_CLAY_MI < 25, c(cols) := list(75,15)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'klei' & A_CLAY_MI >= 25 & A_CLAY_MI < 35, c(cols) := list(65,15)]
    dt[soiltype.m == 'klei' & A_CLAY_MI >= 35, c(cols) := list(45,15)]
    
    # Overwrite spring working depth for perennial crops
  crops.p <- c('boomteelt', 'overig boomteelt', 'groot fruit','grasland zonder herinzaai', 'grasland met herinzaai')
  dt[crop_waterstress %in% crops.p,spring_depth := 0]

For field 4 (soiltype.m = ‘veen’), the required depth when cultivating permanent grass is 55+0=55cm, while with peas the required depth is 55+22=77. In the case of field 4, it happens to be that the required depth for the spring soil work is deeper than the lowest ground water level (GLG) when cultivating an annual crop. So, the groundwater is always to high for the field to be workable for cultivating peas.

Ground water parameters for workability when cultivating peas
field B_GWL_GLG B_GWL_GHG Water lvl below workingdepth Spring working depth required_depth
4 65 9 55 22 77
3 115 49 45 35 80
2 144 70 75 15 90
1 173 21 85 12 97

As we have seen, crop growing season requirements are not the only variable affecting the relative growing season length and workability score. Ground water levels are really what determines when the land can be worked. Lets see what would happen to our fields if they become drier by increasing both their lowest and highest water level by 30 percent.

As you may have suspected, lower water levels resulted in higher relative growing seasons and workability scores. Note that for the function ‘workability’ lower ground water is always positive until the relative growing season length equals 1. However, low groundwater levels can be negative for other soil functions.

B_GWL_ZCRIT

Sometimes, capillary rise of water from the groundwater table to the soil surface may fall behind evaporation. If this is the case, the soil will dry out relatively quickly and may be workable sooner. It is estimated that evaporation in the Netherlands in spring is about 2mm per day. In our example data, B_GWL_ZCRIT was set to 400 meaning that over a distance of 400 cm between the groundwater table and the soil surface, the soil is able to supply at least 2 mm of water per day. Lets set B_GWL_ZCRIT to 50 and see what happens to our scores.

The scores improved for all fields! Decreasing B_GWL_ZCRIT to 50 means that the soils dry up much faster because evaporation on the soil surface is higher than capillary rise once the groundwater table falls below 50cm.

The methodology for assessing workability is an adaptation from Huinink (2018)

References

Huinink, J.Th.M. 2018. “Bodem/perceel geschiktheidsbeoordeling voor Landbouw, Bosbouw en Recreatie: t.b.v. een optimalisatie van grondwater- en oppervlaktewaterpeilbeheer: state of the art 2018.” BodemConsult-Arnhem.